The Nationwide Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion Following Dialysis due to End-stage Renal Disease in Korea, 2004 through 2013

Background@#We investigated the incidence and risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis in Korea. @*Methods@#In this nationwide cohort study, we used Korean National Health Insurance Service data between 2004 and 2013 for analysis. ESRD patients who started dialysis from 2004 to 2013 and an equal number of controls were selected through propensity score matching. RVO incidence in both cohorts were calculated for 2004–2013 using washout data from 2003. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the risk of RVO in dialysis cohort. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate the cumulative RVO incidence curve.Whether the dialysis modality affects the development of RVO was also evaluated. @*Results@#In this study, 74,551 ESRD patients on dialysis and the same number of controls were included. The incidence of RVO was significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (dialysis = 7.3/1,000 person-years [PY]; control = 1.9/1,000 PY; P < 0.001). The cumulative-incidence of RVO was also significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (P < 0.001; log-rank test). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of RVO between the two dialysis methods (P = 0.550; log-rank test). @*Conclusion@#This study provided epidemiological evidence that receiving dialysis for ESRD could increase the risk of developing RVO. We also found a rapid increase in the incidence of RVO with a longer dialysis period. These results strengthen the relationship between retinal vascular disease and renal function.

The Nationwide Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion Following Dialysis due to End-stage Renal Disease in Korea, 2004 through 2013

Background@#We investigated the incidence and risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis in Korea. @*Methods@#In this nationwide cohort study, we used Korean National Health Insurance Service data between 2004 and 2013 for analysis. ESRD patients who started dialysis from 2004 to 2013 and an equal number of controls were selected through propensity score matching. RVO incidence in both cohorts were calculated for 2004–2013 using washout data from 2003. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the risk of RVO in dialysis cohort. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate the cumulative RVO incidence curve.Whether the dialysis modality affects the development of RVO was also evaluated. @*Results@#In this study, 74,551 ESRD patients on dialysis and the same number of controls were included. The incidence of RVO was significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (dialysis = 7.3/1,000 person-years [PY]; control = 1.9/1,000 PY; P < 0.001). The cumulative-incidence of RVO was also significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (P < 0.001; log-rank test). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of RVO between the two dialysis methods (P = 0.550; log-rank test). @*Conclusion@#This study provided epidemiological evidence that receiving dialysis for ESRD could increase the risk of developing RVO. We also found a rapid increase in the incidence of RVO with a longer dialysis period. These results strengthen the relationship between retinal vascular disease and renal function.

Reading Speed after Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy in Patients with Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose@#To demonstrate the changes in reading speed after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) patients. @*Methods@#This retrospective study enrolled wAMD patients who were treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injection from May 2019 to September 2019. The reading speed was measured before anti-VEGF treatment and at the next injection visit using an iPad application for the assessment of reading speed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were also analyzed. In addition, we investigated whether the improvement in optical coherence tomography (OCT)-related biomarkers affected the change in reading speed after anti-VEGF injection. As a subgroup analysis, patients were further divided into a loading dose group and a maintenance group. @*Results@#Seventy-four patients were enrolled in this study. In the loading dose group (n = 38), there were significant improvements in BCVA (p = 0.01) and CRT (p = 0.001); additionally, the reading speed improved significantly in two of the four areas (words per minute (WPM) reading [p = 0.035] and WPM speaking [p = 0.013]) after anti-VEGF injection. In the maintenance group (n = 36), BCVA, CRT, and reading speed showed some improvement; however, the results were not statistically significant. In the maintenance group, reading speed improved significantly as the size of the pigment epithelial detachment decreased after anti-VEGF injection. @*Conclusions@#Reading speed may be useful as an index for measuring visual function related to the quality of life of wAMD patients. Precise evaluation and continuous monitoring of OCT biomarkers are necessary for the treatment of wAMD especially in the maintenance group because they can be predictors of reading speed improvement.

Relationship between Clinical Features of Diabetic Retinopathy and Systemic Factors in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Background@#We investigated the relationship between clinical features of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and systemic factors in patients with newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). @*Methods@#Retrospective review of newly diagnosed T2DM-patients who underwent complete ophthalmic examinations at the time of T2DM diagnosis were conducted. We reviewed DM related systemic factor data and investigated systemic factors related to the presence of DR at T2DM diagnosis. In DR patients, the relationship between DR severity and systemic factors was analyzed. @*Results@#Of 380 patients, forty (10.53%) patients had DR at the initial ophthalmologic examination. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), and urine microalbumin level were significantly higher in DR patients than in patients without DR. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, high HbA1C was a significant risk factor for the presence of DR at new T2DM diagnosis (odds ratio, 2.372; P < 0.001). HbA1C, FPG, UACR, and urine microalbumin level showed significantly positive correlations with DR severity. @*Conclusion@#In patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, 10.53% have DR at initial ophthalmologic examination and high HbA1C, FPG, UACR and urine microalbumin levels. These factors are significantly positively correlated with DR severity. Therefore, more careful fundus examination is needed for newly diagnosed T2DM patients with high HbA1C, FPG, UACR, and urine microalbumin levels.

Refractory Outcomes after Cataract Surgery in Acute Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma Patients Treated with Laser Iridotomy

PURPOSE: To analyze the accuracy of ocular biometry and prediction of postoperative refraction after cataract surgery in acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) patients treated with laser iridotomy (LI). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 44 patients who underwent cataract surgery after LI due to ACG (ACG group), and 37 patients who underwent cataract surgery without ocular disease other than cataract (control group) from January 2015 to May 2018. An Acrysof® single piece (SN60WF) was used as the intraocular lens. We performed preoperative ocular biometry and intraocular lens power calculations using AL-Scan®. The accuracy of the postoperative refractive power prediction was analyzed according to the anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL). RESULTS: The preoperative ACD was 2.29 ± 0.32 mm in the ACG group and 3.15 ± 0.27 mm in the control group (p 2.31 mm in the ACG group (0.27 ± 0.20 D) and control group (0.27 ± 0.20 D). There was no significant difference in the mean absoluter error between each formula in patients with an AL of 22.1 mm in the ACG and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients treated with LI due to ACG, those patients with an ACD > 2.31 mm showed no difference in refractory prediction compared to the control group. However, in patients with an ACD < 2.30 mm, the refractory prediction may be inaccurate when using the Haigis formula, a fourth-generation formula that takes into account the ACD.

Frosted Branch Angiitis Secondary to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

No abstract available.

Quantitative assessment of steroid amount in the tissue after epidural steroid injection: a new rabbit model / 대한통증학회지

BACKGROUND: To develop a rabbit epidural steroid injection (ESI) model for analyzing steroid retention in the tissue, and to assess the difference in steroid retention in the model according to the location and time elapsed after ESI. METHODS: Fluoroscopy-guided ESI was performed using the interlaminar approach between the lowest two lumbar segments in 13 female New Zealand white rabbits. Four rabbits were allocated to each of three different groups according to the time of sacrifice: 3, 7, and 15 days post-ESI; the remaining rabbit was sacrificed immediately post-ESI to obtain baseline data. After sacrifice, two segments were harvested: the lowest two lumbar vertebrae and another two lumbar vertebrae immediately above these. The residual steroid amount (RSA) and residual steroid concentration (RSC) in the collected spinal columns were analyzed. A linear mixed model was used to compare RSAs and RSCs between the injected and adjacent segments, and among the number of days until sacrifice; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Both RSA and RSC of the injected segment were significantly higher than those of the adjacent segment (P < 0.001, both). The RSA and RSC significantly decreased over time (P = 0.009 and P = 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The developed rabbit ESI model verified that significantly more steroid was retained at the injected segment than at the adjacent segment and the residual steroid decreased over time. This model could be useful not only for comparing current steroid medications, but also for developing new, better steroid formulations.

Recurrent Endophthalmitis Caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans: Importance of Aggressive Surgical Removal of Capsular Bag

No abstract available.

Bilateral Obstructive Uropathy Caused by Congenital Bladder Diverticulum Presenting as Hypertensive Retinopathy

A congenital bladder diverticulum (CBD) is caused by inherent muscular weakness instead of obstruction of the bladder outlet. The major clinical conditions are recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and voiding dysfunction. This report describes a 15-year-old male adolescent who developed sudden visual disturbance resulting from hypertensive retinopathy. The cause of hypertension was bilateral obstructive uropathy caused by enlarged paraureteral bladder diverticula. After the non-functioning right kidney and ureter and the bilateral diverticula were removed, the left ureter was reimplanted in the bladder. Pathologic findings showed chronic pyelonephritis and partial loss of the bladder musculature in the diverticular wall. This observation indicates that dilated CBD can cause latent UTI, ureteral obstruction, hydronephrosis, and secondary hypertension.

Anti-inflammatory effect of egg white-chalcanthite and purple bamboo salts mixture on arthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate in Sprague-Dawley rats / 한국실험동물학회지

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of anti-osteoarthritis effects on egg white-chalcanthite (EC), purple bamboo salts (PBS), and a mixture of EC and PBS (EC+PBS). EC is a mixture of egg white and pulverized chalcanthite. PBS has been widely used as one of functional foods in Korea and shows unique features compared with common salt. Osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA, 4mg/kg bw) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Test substances were administered once daily for 6 weeks at doses of 10 mg EC, EC+100 mg PBS, EC+200 mg PBS before and after MIA injection. Each substance was assessed by blood chemistry parameters, and by serum cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). Structural changes of articular cartilage were also evaluated by histopathological examination. As a result, body weight and blood chemistry parameter were not different in all experimental groups. EC+PBS mixture reduced the production of PGE2, NO, IL-1β, and IL-6. In histological grade of osteoarthritis, EC+PBS mixture had a tendency to ameliorate damage of articular cartilage induced by MIA in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, EC+PBS mixture was demonstrated to have a potential for anti-inflammatory effect against osteoarthritis induced by MIA in a dose-dependent manner.

Multiple Serous Chorioretinopathy after Facial Herpes Zoster

PURPOSE: To report a case of multiple serous chorioretinopathy after facial herpes zoster. CASE SUMMARY: A 48-year-old male visited our clinic due to visual disturbance in the left eye which occurred 3 days after left facial pain and vesicles. Chemosis and multiple serous retinal detachments were found. The patient was diagnosed with multiple serous chorioretinopathy due to herpes zoster virus and was started on intravenous acyclovir at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 8 hours for 9 days and herpes eye ointment 5 times daily. After the initial treatment, oral prednisolone 60 mg was given daily for 6 days. Skin lesions were cleared, and abnormal fundus and visual acuity improved after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmopathy including multiple serous chorioretinopathy should be considered in managing herpes zoster ophthalmicus patients.

A Case of Spontaneous Closure of Macular Hole in Infectious Posterior Uveitis Involving the Fovea

PURPOSE: To report a case of macular hole secondary to presumptive infectious posterior uveitis involving the fovea that spontaneously resolved after medical treatment. CASE SUMMARY: A 33-year-old male visited our clinic for decreased visual acuity in his left eye. He was treated with immunosuppressive therapy including steroid after bone marrow transplantation. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.05 in the left eye. Slit lamp examination showed mild anterior vitritis, and fundus examination showed a macular hole with surrounding whitish infiltration at the fovea. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed a full thickness macular hole with surrounding hyper-reflective masses with an infiltration-like appearance involving all retinal layers. Serum anti-toxocara IgG was positive (ELISA), and eosinophil count and immunoglobulin E was elevated. Under diagnosis of presumptive ocular toxocariasis, the patient was treated with albendazole. After medical treatment for toxocariasis, the whitish foveal infiltration became smaller and more discrete. SD-OCT revealed spontaneous closure of the macular hole, and BCVA was improved to 0.4 after a 4-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We report a macular hole complicated by presumptive infectious posterior uveitis that experienced spontaneous closure after medical treatment for underlying infection.

The Association between Choroidal Thickness Variations and Response to Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: To analyze differences in the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) between bevacizumab responders (BevRs) and nonresponders (BevNRs) in patients with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: The medical records of 30 unilateral chronic CSC patients who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as a first line treatment were reviewed. Patients were categorized as BevNRs when CSC did not completely resolve after a minimum of 3 IVB treatments. Enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography was used and SFChT was measured before and after treatment. Choroidal hyperpermeability was also evaluated using indocyanine angiography. RESULTS: Twenty and 10 eyes were classified as BevRs or BevNRs, respectively. The mean number of IVB treatments was 2.22 +/- 0.89 in BevRs, and 4.80 +/- 1.03 in BevNRs. Compared with BevNRs, BevRs demonstrated significantly greater pretreatment SFChT (441.25 +/- 88.09 vs. 364.10 +/- 61.97 microm); SFChT reduction following IVB was significantly greater in BevRs than BevNRs. SFChT in the unaffected eyes was also greater in BevRs than BevNRs. Choroidal hyperpermeability was detected less frequently in BevNRs (hypofluorescence on late-phase, 0.0% and 33.3% in BevNRs and BevRs, respectively; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with CSC eyes that did not respond well to IVB, BevRs demonstrated significantly thicker SFChT at baseline, greater reduction in SFChT after IVB treatment, and hyperfluorescence on late-phase indocyanine green angiography. We recommend IVB injection as the first-line therapy for CSC eyes with relatively high SFChT and hyperfluorescence on late-phase indocyanine green angiography.

The Association between Choroidal Thickness Variations and Response to Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: To analyze differences in the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) between bevacizumab responders (BevRs) and nonresponders (BevNRs) in patients with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: The medical records of 30 unilateral chronic CSC patients who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as a first line treatment were reviewed. Patients were categorized as BevNRs when CSC did not completely resolve after a minimum of 3 IVB treatments. Enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography was used and SFChT was measured before and after treatment. Choroidal hyperpermeability was also evaluated using indocyanine angiography. RESULTS: Twenty and 10 eyes were classified as BevRs or BevNRs, respectively. The mean number of IVB treatments was 2.22 +/- 0.89 in BevRs, and 4.80 +/- 1.03 in BevNRs. Compared with BevNRs, BevRs demonstrated significantly greater pretreatment SFChT (441.25 +/- 88.09 vs. 364.10 +/- 61.97 microm); SFChT reduction following IVB was significantly greater in BevRs than BevNRs. SFChT in the unaffected eyes was also greater in BevRs than BevNRs. Choroidal hyperpermeability was detected less frequently in BevNRs (hypofluorescence on late-phase, 0.0% and 33.3% in BevNRs and BevRs, respectively; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with CSC eyes that did not respond well to IVB, BevRs demonstrated significantly thicker SFChT at baseline, greater reduction in SFChT after IVB treatment, and hyperfluorescence on late-phase indocyanine green angiography. We recommend IVB injection as the first-line therapy for CSC eyes with relatively high SFChT and hyperfluorescence on late-phase indocyanine green angiography.

Association between Microperimetric Parameters and Optical Coherent Tomographic Findings in Various Macular Diseases

PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation between microperimetric parameters and optical coherent tomographic findings in the eyes of patients with macular diseases. METHODS: A total of 64 eyes were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Differences in the macular integrity index and microperimetric parameters were analyzed according to types of outer retinal band defects. Correlations between average threshold values and retinal thickness in the corresponding areas were analyzed. Finally, microperimetric parameters were compared between inner and outer retinal lesions. RESULTS: Measures of best-corrected visual acuity, macular integrity index, and average threshold values were significantly worse in eyes with defects in the ellipsoid portion of the photoreceptor inner segment (ISe), the cone outer segment tip (COST), and the external limiting membrane (ELM) than in eyes without ISe, COST, and ELM defects. Also, visual functionality is more significantly impacted by ELM defects than by other hyper-reflective band defects. There was a significant negative correlation between retinal thickness and the average threshold of the corresponding area in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid. Microperimetric parameters in the eyes of patients with inner retinal lesions were better than in the eyes of patients with outer retinal lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The macular integrity index may be a useful factor for reflecting the functional aspects of macular diseases. Specifically, ELM, ISe, and COST defects are significantly associated with poor retinal sensitivity and macular integrity index values that suggest abnormalities. Among eyes with these particular defects, the visual functionality of patients is most sensitively impacted by ELM defects. This finding suggests that microperimetric parameters are sensitive and useful for evaluating functional abnormalities in the eyes of patients with macular disease, particularly in patients with outer retinal pathology.

Recent Clinical Manifestation and Prognosis of Fungal Endophthalmitis: A 7-Year Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center in Korea

This study analyzed the recent causes, prognosis, and treatment strategies for fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective review of patients who were diagnosed with fungal endophthalmitis at our center was conducted. The fungal organisms isolated from each patient and the visual prognosis according to the route of infection and treatment method were analyzed. A total of 40 eyes from 30 patients with fungal endophthalmitis were included in this study. Candida species were the most common causative organisms in 35 of 40 eyes. Endogenous and exogenous endophthalmitis were observed in 33 and 7 eyes, respectively. Pre- and post-treatment best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was not significantly different between endogenous endophthalmitis and exogenous endophthalmitis. The 40 eyes were treated using the following modalities: intravitreal antifungal agent injection with intravenous antifungal agent (16 eyes), vitrectomy with intravenous antifungal agent (14 eyes), intravenous antifungal agent alone (9 eyes), and evisceration (1 eye). Post-treatment BCVA only significantly improved after treatment in the vitrectomy group. Candida species were the most common cause of fungal endophthalmitis, irrespective of the route of infection. The visual prognosis of fungal endophthalmitis was generally poor. In conclusion, if the general condition of the patient tolerates a surgical procedure, prompt vitrectomy and intravitreal injection of antifungal agents can improve visual acuity.

Clinical Validation of Visual Field Index

PURPOSE: To determine the associations of visual field index (VFI) with advanced glaucoma intervention study (AGIS) score, mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to evaluate the diagnostic abilities of these parameters. METHODS: One hundred fifteen glaucomatous eyes and 78 healthy eyes were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Each participant had a Humphrey visual field analyzer test and OCT done. The diagnostic abilities of these parameters were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and we sought to determine the association of these parameters with VFI by Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: The associations between analyzed parameters and VFI were statistically significant (all, p<0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) value of VFI was greater than that of the MD and AGIS score (all, p<0.001) but was not different from the PSD and RNFL average thickness measured by OCT (p=0.756, p=0.638). CONCLUSIONS: The VFI showed significant associations with AGIS score, MD, PSD, and average RNFL thickness as measured by OCT and revealed similar diagnostic abilities as these parameters.

Late-onset Hypertrophic Corneal Scars After Laser-assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy With Mitomycin C

PURPOSE: To report late-onset hypertrophic corneal scars after laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) with mitomycin C. CASE SUMMARY: Case 1. A 34-year-old man who had undergone LASEK with mitomycin C 15 months prior was referred to our clinic because of corneal opacity of his right eye. After LASEK, there have been no abnormalities in either of his eyes. However, 11 monthsafter LASEK, he experienced decreased visual acuity in his right eye. The visual acuity was 0.03 in his right eye and 1.0 in his left eye. On slit lamp examination there was a whitish, hypertrophic scarin his right cornea. The lesion was located in the corneal center and the subepithelial space. Central corneal thickness was 828 microm. Case 2. A 23-year-old woman who had undergone LASEK with mitomycin C 14 months before was referred our clinic because of corneal opacity of her left eye. After LASEK, there had been no abnormalities in either of her eyes. However, 12 months after LASEK she experienced decreased visual acuity in her left eye. The visual acuity was 1.0 in her right eye and 0.2 in her left eye. On slit lamp examination there was a whitish, hypertrophic scar in her left cornea. Central corneal thickness was 794 microm. CONCLUSIONS: Manual debridement was performed to remove the hypertrophic scar in both cases. Case 1. After manual debridement, visual acuity of the right eye improved to 0.63. Case 2. After manual debridement, best-corrected visual acuity of the left eye was 0.63.

Relationship Between Central Corneal Thickness and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Glaucomatous Subject

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) as determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucomatous subjects. METHODS: One hundred eyes diagnosed with glaucoma and 99 glaucoma suspect (GS) eyes were tested by visual field (VF), OCT, and ultrasonic pachymetry. The relationship between CCT and RNFLT measurements was assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. A mixed effect model was employed to determine the relationship between CCT and RNFLT in glaucoma and GS groups. We divided the patients into two groups depending on the thickness of their corneas: Thin ( or = 553.6 micrometer), and compared three parameters: VF mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and RNFLT between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no significant correlations between CCT and RNFLT in any participant (R2=0.00, p=0.88). There was no significant relationship between CCT and RNFLT in glaucoma and GS groups (p=0.11, p=0.46). There were no statistically significant differences in MD, PSD, or RNFLT between the thin and thick cornea groups (p=0.38, 0.32, 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: CCT is not significantly associated with RNFLT in glaucoma and GS subjects.

Comparison of Formulas for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Installed in a Partial Coherence Interferometer

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of various formulas installed in IOLMaster software which uses partial coherence interferometry for axial length measurement. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included 81 eyes of consecutive patients who had uneventful cataract surgery with implantation of Acrysof single piece (SA60AT) IOL. Axial length was measured with IOLMaster and IOL power was calculated using various formulas, including SRK II, SRK/T, Holladay 1, Haigis, and Hoffer Q. Subjects were stratified by axial length into Groups A (axial length or = 25.00 mm). Target refractions of the five formulas were compared to the postoperative manifest refraction at 1 month. RESULTS: The five formulas showed no difference in predicting postoperative refractive errors among all of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Five formulas installed in IOLMaster software provided equivalent predictions of postoperative refractive error regardless of axial length.